Compare/Java PDF Libraries (iText / PDFBox)

PDFluent vs Java PDF Libraries

iText and PDFBox are mature Java PDF libraries. They require a JVM, have JVM cold starts, and use more memory than a native Rust library.

iText 7 and Apache PDFBox are the two dominant Java PDF libraries. Both are mature and well-documented, but both require a JVM at runtime, produce 1-3 second cold starts in serverless environments, and carry high heap memory usage for JVM initialization. iText 7 is AGPL-licensed, which requires commercial users to either open-source their application or purchase a commercial license. PDFBox is Apache-licensed and free, but has no XFA support and limited form-filling capability. PDFluent is a Rust crate: no JVM, sub-100ms cold starts, lower memory footprint, WASM-compatible, and available under MIT/commercial terms.

Side-by-side

PDFluent (Rust)
use pdfluent::Document;

fn main() -> pdfluent::Result<()> {
    let doc = Document::open("invoice.pdf")?;

    // Extract text from page 1
    let text = doc.page(0)?.extract_text()?;
    println!("{}", text);

    // Fill a form field
    let mut form = doc.acroform()?;
    form.set_field("invoice_number", "INV-2024-001")?;

    doc.save("invoice_filled.pdf")?;
    Ok(())
}
Java PDF Libraries (iText / PDFBox) (Java)
import com.itextpdf.kernel.pdf.PdfDocument;
import com.itextpdf.kernel.pdf.PdfReader;
import com.itextpdf.kernel.pdf.PdfWriter;
import com.itextpdf.forms.PdfAcroForm;
import com.itextpdf.kernel.pdf.canvas.parser.PdfTextExtractor;
import com.itextpdf.kernel.pdf.canvas.parser.listener
    .LocationTextExtractionStrategy;

// Requires JVM — 1-3s cold start in Lambda
public class InvoiceProcessor {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        PdfDocument pdf = new PdfDocument(
            new PdfReader("invoice.pdf"),
            new PdfWriter("invoice_filled.pdf")
        );

        // Extract text from page 1
        String text = PdfTextExtractor.getTextFromPage(
            pdf.getPage(1),
            new LocationTextExtractionStrategy()
        );
        System.out.println(text);

        // Fill a form field
        PdfAcroForm form = PdfAcroForm.getAcroForm(pdf, true);
        form.getField("invoice_number")
            .setValue("INV-2024-001");

        pdf.close(); // must explicitly close
    }
}

Feature comparison

FeaturePDFluentJava PDF Libraries (iText / PDFBox)
Runtime requiredNone (static binary)JVM (Java 11+)
Cold start (serverless)<100ms1,000–3,000ms
Base memory usage~5 MB~150 MB (JVM heap)
WASM / browser support
Serverless deploy without runtime layer
AcroForm fillingiText: yes / PDFBox: partial
XFA formsiText (add-on) / PDFBox: no
Self-serve trial (no sales call)iText: no / PDFBox: N/A
Published pricingiText: no / PDFBox: free (Apache)
LicenseMIT / commercialiText: AGPL / PDFBox: Apache-2.0

Pros and cons

PDFluent
  • No JVM — runs as a static binary with no runtime dependency
  • Sub-100ms cold start in Lambda and serverless environments
  • ~5 MB base memory vs ~150 MB JVM heap
  • Compiles to WASM for browser-side PDF processing
  • XFA form support without a separate add-on
  • MIT/commercial license — no AGPL surprise
  • Younger codebase — iText and PDFBox have more production history
  • Smaller community and fewer Stack Overflow answers today
  • Java teams need to learn Rust, or use language bindings
Java PDF Libraries (iText / PDFBox)
  • Mature libraries with many years of production use
  • Large Java community and extensive documentation
  • PDFBox is free under Apache-2.0
  • iText has a wide feature surface including HTML-to-PDF
  • Requires JVM — 1-3s cold start in serverless environments
  • High base memory usage (~150 MB JVM heap)
  • No WASM support — cannot run in the browser
  • iText AGPL license requires commercial license for proprietary use
  • PDFBox has limited form-filling and no XFA support
  • Large Docker images due to JRE layer

When to use each

Choose PDFluent

PDFluent is the right choice for new Rust projects, serverless deployments where cold starts matter, applications targeting WASM or browser environments, and commercial products that want to avoid the iText AGPL license. It is also the right choice when consolidating a mixed Java PDF stack.

Choose Java PDF Libraries (iText / PDFBox)

iText or PDFBox are reasonable if you have a large existing Java codebase, your team knows Java deeply, and you are running on always-warm JVM servers where cold start latency is not a concern. PDFBox is a practical choice for Apache-licensed projects that only need basic reading and text extraction.

Bottom line

iText is feature-rich but AGPL-licensed — commercial users must purchase a license or open-source their application. PDFBox is free but limited on forms and has no XFA support. Both require a JVM, which adds cold-start latency, increases memory use, and complicates serverless and WASM deployments. PDFluent matches or exceeds both on features, runs without a JVM, and adds WASM support that Java cannot provide.

Frequently asked questions

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