iText and PDFBox are mature Java PDF libraries. They require a JVM, have JVM cold starts, and use more memory than a native Rust library.
iText 7 and Apache PDFBox are the two dominant Java PDF libraries. Both are mature and well-documented, but both require a JVM at runtime, produce 1-3 second cold starts in serverless environments, and carry high heap memory usage for JVM initialization. iText 7 is AGPL-licensed, which requires commercial users to either open-source their application or purchase a commercial license. PDFBox is Apache-licensed and free, but has no XFA support and limited form-filling capability. PDFluent is a Rust crate: no JVM, sub-100ms cold starts, lower memory footprint, WASM-compatible, and available under MIT/commercial terms.
use pdfluent::Document;
fn main() -> pdfluent::Result<()> {
let doc = Document::open("invoice.pdf")?;
// Extract text from page 1
let text = doc.page(0)?.extract_text()?;
println!("{}", text);
// Fill a form field
let mut form = doc.acroform()?;
form.set_field("invoice_number", "INV-2024-001")?;
doc.save("invoice_filled.pdf")?;
Ok(())
}import com.itextpdf.kernel.pdf.PdfDocument;
import com.itextpdf.kernel.pdf.PdfReader;
import com.itextpdf.kernel.pdf.PdfWriter;
import com.itextpdf.forms.PdfAcroForm;
import com.itextpdf.kernel.pdf.canvas.parser.PdfTextExtractor;
import com.itextpdf.kernel.pdf.canvas.parser.listener
.LocationTextExtractionStrategy;
// Requires JVM — 1-3s cold start in Lambda
public class InvoiceProcessor {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
PdfDocument pdf = new PdfDocument(
new PdfReader("invoice.pdf"),
new PdfWriter("invoice_filled.pdf")
);
// Extract text from page 1
String text = PdfTextExtractor.getTextFromPage(
pdf.getPage(1),
new LocationTextExtractionStrategy()
);
System.out.println(text);
// Fill a form field
PdfAcroForm form = PdfAcroForm.getAcroForm(pdf, true);
form.getField("invoice_number")
.setValue("INV-2024-001");
pdf.close(); // must explicitly close
}
}| Feature | PDFluent | Java PDF Libraries (iText / PDFBox) |
|---|---|---|
| Runtime required | None (static binary) | JVM (Java 11+) |
| Cold start (serverless) | <100ms | 1,000–3,000ms |
| Base memory usage | ~5 MB | ~150 MB (JVM heap) |
| WASM / browser support | ||
| Serverless deploy without runtime layer | ||
| AcroForm filling | iText: yes / PDFBox: partial | |
| XFA forms | iText (add-on) / PDFBox: no | |
| Self-serve trial (no sales call) | iText: no / PDFBox: N/A | |
| Published pricing | iText: no / PDFBox: free (Apache) | |
| License | MIT / commercial | iText: AGPL / PDFBox: Apache-2.0 |
PDFluent is the right choice for new Rust projects, serverless deployments where cold starts matter, applications targeting WASM or browser environments, and commercial products that want to avoid the iText AGPL license. It is also the right choice when consolidating a mixed Java PDF stack.
iText or PDFBox are reasonable if you have a large existing Java codebase, your team knows Java deeply, and you are running on always-warm JVM servers where cold start latency is not a concern. PDFBox is a practical choice for Apache-licensed projects that only need basic reading and text extraction.
iText is feature-rich but AGPL-licensed — commercial users must purchase a license or open-source their application. PDFBox is free but limited on forms and has no XFA support. Both require a JVM, which adds cold-start latency, increases memory use, and complicates serverless and WASM deployments. PDFluent matches or exceeds both on features, runs without a JVM, and adds WASM support that Java cannot provide.
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